Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition wherein the brain struggles to receive, interpret, and respond to sensory information. This can affect one or more senses, such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell, as well as the sense of movement and body position (proprioception). SPD can present itself in various ways, often leading to either hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli. Understanding SPD in detail can offer valuable insights into the challenges faced by those living with this condition.

What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder, previously known as Sensory Integration Dysfunction, is a neurological condition that affects how sensory information is processed by the brain. Individuals with SPD have difficulties in organising and responding appropriately to sensory input from their environment, which can significantly impact their daily lives.

Types of Sensory Processing Disorder

SPD is generally categorised into three main types:

• Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD): This type involves difficulties in regulating responses to sensory stimuli. It is divided into three subtypes:
• Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR): Individuals react more intensely and for a longer duration to sensory input.
• Sensory Under-Responsivity (SUR): Individuals show less of a response to sensory input than expected.
• Sensory Seeking/Craving (SS/C): Individuals have an insatiable desire for sensory input and may engage in behaviours that provide intense sensory experiences.

Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD): This type affects motor skills and is divided into:

Dyspraxia: Difficulty in planning and executing motor tasks.

Postural Disorder: Problems with maintaining appropriate body posture and stability.

Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD): This type involves difficulties in distinguishing between different types of sensory stimuli. It can affect any of the senses, including visual, auditory, tactile, taste/smell, positional, and interoception (internal body sense).

Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder

The symptoms of SPD can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Common symptoms include:

• Hypersensitivity: Aversion to textures, sounds, light, or touch. May lead to avoidance of certain foods, clothing, or environments.
• Hyposensitivity: Seeking out intense sensory experiences, such as loud noises, bright lights, or strong tastes. May appear clumsy and unaware of personal space.
• Motor skill difficulties: Problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
• Emotional and behavioural issues: Difficulty coping with sensory overload, leading to meltdowns, anxiety, and withdrawal.

Causes of Sensory Processing Disorder

The exact cause of SPD is not yet fully understood, though it is believed to be a result of genetic and environmental factors. Some researchers suggest that premature birth, prenatal complications, and a history of sensory processing issues in the family may contribute to the likelihood of developing SPD.

Diagnosis of Sensory Processing Disorder

Diagnosing SPD can be challenging, as it often co-occurs with other developmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities. A comprehensive evaluation by a trained professional, such as an occupational therapist, is essential. The assessment typically includes a detailed history, observation, and standardised testing to identify specific sensory processing issues.

Treatment and Management of Sensory Processing Disorder

While there is no cure for SPD, various interventions can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy is the primary treatment for SPD. Therapists use sensory integration techniques to help individuals respond more appropriately to sensory stimuli. This may include activities that challenge and stimulate different senses, such as swinging, bouncing, and tactile play.

Sensory Diet

A sensory diet is a personalised plan that incorporates sensory activities into daily routines to help individuals regulate their sensory input. This can include scheduled breaks for movement, quiet time, or specific sensory tasks that calm or alert the nervous system.

Environmental Modifications

Making changes to the environment can minimise sensory overload and create a more comfortable space. This may involve using noise-cancelling headphones, adjusting lighting, or providing sensory-friendly materials and furniture.

Parent and Caregiver Education

Educating parents and caregivers about SPD is crucial for effective management. Understanding the condition can help them provide the necessary support and create a supportive home environment. Training can also be extended to teachers and other significant figures in the individual’s life.

Living with Sensory Processing Disorder

Living with SPD can be challenging, but with the right strategies and support, individuals can lead fulfilling lives. It is essential to build a support network, including family, friends, and professionals, who understand the condition and can provide empathy and assistance. Encouraging self-advocacy and teaching coping skills can empower individuals to manage their sensory needs effectively.

In conclusion, Sensory Processing Disorder is a complex condition that affects how sensory information is interpreted and responded to by the brain. By understanding the different types, symptoms, and treatment options, we can better support those living with SPD and help them navigate their sensory world with greater ease and confidence.